Explicitly disable sparse checkout unless asked for (#1598)

When a worktree is reused by actions/checkout and the first time sparse checkout was enabled, we need to ensure that the second time it is only a sparse checkout if explicitly asked for. Otherwise, we need to disable the sparse checkout so that a full checkout is the outcome of this Action.

## Details
* If no `sparse-checkout` parameter is specified, disable it

This should allow users to reuse existing folders when running
`actions/checkout` where a previous run asked for a sparse checkout but
the current run does not ask for a sparse checkout.

This fixes https://github.com/actions/checkout/issues/1475

There are use cases in particular with non-ephemeral (self-hosted) runners where an
existing worktree (that has been initialized as a sparse checkout) is
reused in subsequent CI runs (where `actions/checkout` is run _without_
any `sparse-checkout` parameter).

In these scenarios, we need to make sure that the sparse checkout is
disabled before checking out the files.

### Also includes:

* npm run build
* ci: verify that an existing sparse checkout can be made unsparse
* Added a clarifying comment about test branches.
* `test-proxy` now uses newly-minted `test-ubuntu-git` container image from ghcr.io

---------

Signed-off-by: Johannes Schindelin <johannes.schindelin@gmx.de>
Co-authored-by: John Wesley Walker III <81404201+jww3@users.noreply.github.com>

__test__/git-auth-helper.test.ts

@@ -727,6 +727,7 @@ async function setup(testName: string): Promise<void> {
     branchDelete: jest.fn(),
     branchExists: jest.fn(),
     branchList: jest.fn(),
+    disableSparseCheckout: jest.fn(),
     sparseCheckout: jest.fn(),
     sparseCheckoutNonConeMode: jest.fn(),
     checkout: jest.fn(),

__test__/git-directory-helper.test.ts

@@ -462,6 +462,7 @@ async function setup(testName: string): Promise<void> {
     branchList: jest.fn(async () => {
       return []
     }),
+    disableSparseCheckout: jest.fn(),
     sparseCheckout: jest.fn(),
     sparseCheckoutNonConeMode: jest.fn(),
     checkout: jest.fn(),